Historical procurement · fictional contractor

Follow the evidence.
Understand the decision.

A revised demolition plan resolves one defect. Schedule approval, security availability and other source questions remain open.

Hugo L. Black courthouse renovation · RFQ20240401 · May 2024.
This retrospective, agent-assisted demonstration is not an open opportunity, customer result or professional approval.

01 · The retained source basis

The requirement is the same
in both reviews.

The amendment requires demolition after normal business hours. Approved after-hours work requires at least two Court Security Officers (CSOs).

RFQ20240401 · Amendment 1Physical page 2

01 / Demolition hours

13. Remove existing material (demolition) after normal business hours. (The COR will confirm the hours, which are expected to be after 5:00 PM CT until 9:00 PM, Monday through Friday, and Saturday and Sunday from 9:00 AM to 5:00 PM). Refer to Section 5 Security Requirements regarding escort requirements after hours.
Open retained original · PDF page 2
RFQ20240401 · OriginalPhysical page 9

02 / Security

4. If after hours work is approved by the COR, the services of two (2) Court Security Officers (CSOs) shall be required at a minimum.
Open retained original · PDF page 9

These source conditions apply to both plans below. A contractor’s commitment does not establish agency approval.

02 · From commitment to recorded finding

One issue resolved.
Review still required.

Two retained decisions, recorded September 17, 2026.
No decision was regenerated for this page.

A passing check is not pursuit clearance.The finding changes from FAIL to PASS. Overall: REVIEW REQUIRED in both versions.

Original plan A · Decision v3

An incompatible plan.

01 / Demolition hours
09:00–13:00Monday and Tuesday
02 / Security per shift
One officerNo after-hours allocation

Retained contractor passage · Line 5

Original-solicitation plan A: demolition Monday/Tuesday 09:00-13:00, four unbadged workers, one CSO per shift. No after-hours demolition or second-CSO commitment/budget exists. It may meet the original daytime plan conditions but does not establish compliance with amendment mandatory after-hours demolition.
Open retained original · Line 5

Recorded finding · v3

FAIL · PLAN DEFECT

Overall: REVIEW REQUIRED

Daytime demolition and one CSO do not support the amended after-hours plan. The defect is correctable; it does not establish permanent business ineligibility.

Read the recorded reason · v3
Explicit cited reviewer assessment: Synthetic CURRENT PLAN defect after explicit amendment reconciliation: daytime09–13demolition and oneCSO per shift contradict required after-hours demolition/minimum2CSOs. This does not establish inability of the business to revise its plan; future obligation consequence remains REVIEW_REQUIRED, not fatalNO_BID.

Review 3c1ff5b1bc0358bdebde6bb1

Revised plan B · Decision v4

A revised commitment.

01 / Demolition hours
Previously 09:00–13:0017:00–21:00Monday and Tuesday
02 / Security per shift
Previously one officerTwo officersReserved and budgeted per shift

Retained contractor passage · Line 5

Revision B reserves demolition Monday and Tuesday 17:00-21:00, conditional on COR approval of exact dates/hours. Two CSOs per shift and four workers are budgeted. This replaces the original daytime-only demolition plan.
Open retained original · Line 5

Recorded finding · v4

PASS · CONDITIONAL PLAN

Overall: REVIEW REQUIRED

The revised plan supports the specific future commitment after explicit review. Schedule approval, security availability and other source questions remain unresolved.

Read the recorded reason · v4
Explicit cited reviewer assessment: Explicit reviewed SYNTHETIC future commitment: two17–21demolition shifts and twoCSOs per shift replace incompatible daytime plan. Budget passage in same retained artifact reserves1316.80 using historical82.30/hour4-hour minimum. PASS covers supported conditional plan only; COR scheduling/security availability not granted and other source/technical gaps remain.

Review c38f68cf5683b2847e906a85

PASS describes a reviewed conditional commitment, not completed work or an agency approval. It does not mean “pass on” the opportunity.

03 · Unchanged questions

The remaining questions
still need evidence.

Schedule approval remains open.

Will the Contracting Officer’s Representative (COR) approve the exact dates and hours, and will the required security staff be available? A contractor’s conditional plan is not that approval.

See the retained assessment and its limits.

Who checks next?

Demonstration role: contractor estimator. Reconcile the demolition schedule, escort allocation and cost with the amendment. Seek schedule confirmation through the authorized project contact before relying on the plan.

Demonstration role: reviewer. Recheck the supported commitment and keep remaining package questions open. These role assignments explain the example; no contact or approval is recorded here.

04 · Later complete brief · v23

See the wider pursuit decision.

This later, fuller review is separate from the v3/v4 finding above. Inspect eligibility, capability fit, pursuit readiness and the next commitment, with exact quotations and retained originals.

Decision version 23RESOLVE FIRST

Recorded disposition: REVIEW_REQUIRED

Case to participate

Retained basis

Fictional trade experience and credential commitments, read against the solicitation.

Contractor dossier · lines 9 and 15Original RFQ · page 1
Inspect trade evidence · lines 9 and 15

Contractor dossier · line 9

Synthetic team ledger identifies electrical firm TEST-E with 4 years, plumbing firm TEST-P with 3 years, and fire protection firm TEST-F with 5 years of applicable subtrade experience by 2024-05-28. Proposed subcontractors are distinct fictional entities; no real records verified.

Contractor dossier · line 15

Synthetic applicable trade-license register lists active Alabama electrical, plumbing and fire-protection credentials for TEST-E/P/F at quotation and planned performance. Prime commits to obtain and pay for required project permits before covered work. Placeholder credential identifiers are not official numbers.

Supported / still open

No affirmative qualification failure is recorded. Roster/declaration coverage and source applicability remain unfinished.

Case to be selected

Retained basis

Three completed commercial restroom renovations and the RFQ’s reference requirement.

Inspect the project evidence · line 18

Contractor dossier · line 18

Synthetic project ledger contains three completed commercial restroom renovations: PROJECT-A courthouse office restroom, completed 2021, $47000, 8 weeks; PROJECT-B professional office restroom, completed 2022, $52000, 9 weeks; PROJECT-C commercial office restroom, completed 2023, $49000, 8 weeks. These are invented test facts, not real project references or verified cost comparability.
Open retained contractor dossier · Line 18Inspect reference requirement · RFQ page 1

Supported / still open

Three relevant renovations are documented in the fictional dossier. Full similarity, cost inclusions and bidder workshare are not established. Relevant comparators do not demonstrate superiority over competing offers.

Case for spending resources

Retained basis

The existing project records and fictional whole-job quote.

Contractor dossier · lines 18 and 129
Inspect project and quote evidence · lines 18 and 129

Contractor dossier · line 18

Synthetic project ledger contains three completed commercial restroom renovations: PROJECT-A courthouse office restroom, completed 2021, $47000, 8 weeks; PROJECT-B professional office restroom, completed 2022, $52000, 9 weeks; PROJECT-C commercial office restroom, completed 2023, $49000, 8 weeks. These are invented test facts, not real project references or verified cost comparability.

Contractor dossier · line 129

Synthetic revised whole-job fixed price is $54000, includes labor/materials/security and Net 30 terms. Price is invented for testing and not a real cost estimate or assertion of lowest price.

Supported / still open

Clarify scope and the finish-trade roster before a complete proposal. Capacity, cost completeness and commercial exposure remain to be established. The quote is not verified profitability.

Next justified commitment · From the v23 brief

Clarify

Owner: Contractor estimator: project scope and roster; reviewer: controlling sources

What changes this: Retain trade-by-trade scope, bidder workshare and cost inclusions for the existing three projects; complete roster and controlling-source review. Reassess resource commitment afterward.

Why controlling-source review remains open

A retained source can still leave a question.

Inspect two recorded source questions from v23. These selected review limits do not describe every UNKNOWN finding.

Recorded source question · v23Edition and applicability unresolved

Recorded unresolved source

Undated SAM/EFT version and conditional labor/technical applicability

Controlling incorporation and technical/labor applicability not yet resolved. Scope clearance constrained.

Read the recorded reviewer basis

These remain material to technical acceptability, lawful performance and price. Construction wages are expressly included, while service-labor duties depend on their applicability conditions. Historical executive-order/leave coverage, any secondary-site/classification issue and exact SAM/payment edition remain unresolved. The retained SAM texts agree on registration before award, not an invented at-quote gate. Exact applicable AWI/manufacturer references are missing; named products and a promise of compliance do not complete the technical comparison.

Retained basis · Exact cited passages

These passages record references and conditions. They do not resolve the recorded source question.

Amendment 1 · PDF page 22
Page 22 of 22 2-55 Privacy or Security of Safeguards (JAN 2003) 2-80 Judiciary Property (JAN 2003) 2-90C Option to Extend Services (APR 2013) 2-90D Option to Extend the Term of the Contract (APR 2013) 2-110 Option to Purchase Equipment (JAN 2003) 2-125 Security for Advance Payment (APR 2013) 2-130 Energy Efficiency in Energy-Consuming Products (APR 2013) 2-135 Acquisition of EPEAT®-Registered Personal Computer Products (MAR 2019) 2-140 Judiciary IT Security Standards (APR 2013) 3-1 Contractor Use of Mandatory Sources of Products or Services (JUN 2012) X 3-3 Provisions, Clauses, Terms and Conditions - Small Purchases (JUN 2014) X 3-300 Registration in the System for Award Management (SAM) X 3-305 Payment by Electronic Funds Transfer – System for Award Management (SAM) Registration 4-150 Cancellation Under Multi-Year Contracts (JUN 2014) 5-1 Payments under Personal and Professional Services Contracts (APR 2013) 5-30 Authorization and Consent (JAN 2003) 5-30 Alternate I (JAN 2003) 6-10 Deposit of Assets Requirements (APR 2013) 6-15 Deposit of Assets Instead of Surety Bonds (JAN 2003) 6-65 Rights in Data – Special Works (JAN 2010) 6-75 Rights to Data in an Offer (APR 2013) 6-80 Rights in Data – Existing Works (JAN 2010) 6-90 Notice and Assistance Regarding Patent and Co pyright Infri ngement (APR 2010) 6-110 Deferred Ordering of Technical Data or Computer Software (JUN 2014) X 7-1 Contract Administration (JAN 2003) X 7-5 Contracting Officer's Representative (APR 2013) X 7-15 Observance of Regulations/Standards of Conduct (JAN 2003) X 7-25 Indemnification (AUG 2004) 7-45 Travel (APR 2013) 7-55 Contractor Use of Judiciary Networks (JUN 2014) 7-70 Judiciary Property Furnished "As Is" (APR 2013) 7-95 Contractor Inspection Requirements (JAN 2003) 7-115 Availability of Funds (JAN 2003) 7-160 Limitation on Withholding of Payments (APR 2013) 7-170 Notice of Intent to Disallow Costs (JAN 2003) 7-180 Prohibition of Assignment of Claims (JUN 2012) X 7-215 Notification of Ownership Changes (JAN 2003)
Open retained original · PDF page 22
Retained 2021 handbook reference · PDF page 159
Guide to Judiciary Policy, Vol. 14, Appx. 1B Page 1-57 (1) The contractor has entered all mandatory information, including the DUNS number or the DUNS+4 number, into the SAM database; and (2) The government has validated all mandatory data fields, to include validation of the Taxpayer Identification Number (TIN) with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and has marked the record "Active". The contractor will be required to provide consent for TIN validation to the government as a part of the SAM registration process. (b) (1) By submission of an offer, the offeror acknowledges the requirement that a prospective awardee shall be registered in the SAM database prior to award, during performance, and through final payment of any contract, basic agreement, basic ordering agreement, or blanket purchasing agreement resulting from this solicitation. (2) The offeror shall enter, in the block with its name and address on the cover page of its offer, the annotation "DUNS" or "DUNS +4" followed by the DUNS or DUNS +4 number that identifies the offeror's name and address exactly as stated in the offer. The DUNS number will be used by the contracting officer to verify that the offeror is registered in the SAM database. (c) If the offeror does not have a DUNS number, it should contact Dun and Bradstreet directly to obtain one. (1) An offeror may obtain a DUNS number – (i) via the internet at http://fedgov.dnb.com/webform or if the offeror does not have internet access, it may call Dun and Bradstreet at 1- 866-705-5711 if located within the United States; or (ii) if located outside the United States, by contacting the local Dun and Bradstreet office. The offeror should indicate that it is an offeror for a U.S. Government contract when contacting the local Dun and Bradstreet office. (2) The offeror should be prepared to provide the following information: (i) company legal business name; (ii) tradestyle, doing business, or other name by which your entity is commonly recognized; (iii) company physical street address, city, state and ZIP code;
Open retained original · PDF page 159
Retained 2023 handbook reference · PDF page 159
Guide to Judiciary Policy, Vol. 14, Appx. 1B Page 1-57 contractor will be required to provide consent for TIN validation to the government as a part of the SAM registration process. (b) (1) By submission of an offer, the offeror acknowledges the requirement that a prospective awardee shall be registered in the SAM database prior to award, during performance, and through final payment of any contract, basic agreement, basic ordering agreement, or blanket purchasing agreement resulting from this solicitation. (2) The offeror shall enter, in the block with its name and address on the cover page of its offer, the annotation "Unique Entity Identifier" followed by the UEI that identifies the offeror's name and address exactly as stated in the offer. The UEI will be used by the contracting officer to verify that the offeror is registered in the SAM database. (c) If the offeror does not have a UEI, it may obtain one at SAM.gov. The offeror should be prepared to provide the following information: (1) company legal business name; (2) tradestyle, doing business, or other name by which your entity is commonly recognized; (3) company physical street address, city, state and ZIP code; (4) company mailing address, city, state and ZIP code (if different from physical); (5) company telephone number; (6) date the company was started; (7) number of employees at your location; (8) chief executive officer/key manager; (9) line of business (industry); (10) company headquarters name and address (reporting relationship within your entity). (d) If the offeror does not become registered in the SAM database within the time prescribed by the contracting officer, the contracting officer will proceed to award to the next otherwise successful registered offeror.
Open retained original · PDF page 159
Retained 2021 handbook reference · PDF page 106
Guide to Judiciary Policy, Vol. 14, Appx. 1B Page 1-4 (c) Clause 3-160, Service Contract Labor Standards (MAR 2019) (Applies to any purchase order over $2,500, the principal purpose of which is to furnish services through the use of service employees for work to be performed in the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam, or the U.S. Virgin Islands, except where Clause 3-215, Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Labor Standards to Contracts for Maintenance, Calibration, or Repair of Certain Equipment – Requirements, or Clause 3-225, Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Labor Standards to Contracts for Certain Services – Requirements apply. See (7)(g) and (7)(h) below.) (d) Clause 7-40, Judiciary-Contractor Relationship (JAN 2003) (Applies to services when not involving judiciary information technology funds.) (e) Clause 7-65, Protection of Judiciary Buildings, Equipment and Vegetation (APR 2013) (Applies when services are performed at a judiciary building.) (f) Clause 7-205, Payment for Judiciary Holidays (APR 2013) (Applies to time-and-materials or labor-hour contracts.) (g) Clause 3-215, Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Labor Standards to Contracts for Maintenance, Calibration, or Repair of Certain Equipment – Requirements (MAR 2019) (Applies if the request for quotation included Provision 3-195 and the contractor certified its compliance with the conditions stated in the provision.) (h) Clause 3-225, Exemption from Application of the Service Contract Labor Standards to Contracts for Certain Services – Requirements (MAR 2019) (Applies if the request for quotation included Provision 3-220 and the contractor certified its compliance with the conditions stated in the provision.) (d) Inspection/Acceptance The contractor shall tender for acceptance only those products and/or services that conform to the requirements of this contract. The judiciary reserves the right to inspect or test any products or services that have been tendered for acceptance. The judiciary may require repair or replacement of nonconforming products or re-performance of nonconforming services at no increase in contract price. The judiciary must exercise these rights:
Open retained original · PDF page 106
Original RFQ · PDF page 25
|If the contract is entered |. Executive Order 14026 | |into on or after January 30, | generally applies to the | |2022, or the contract is | contract. | |renewed or extended (e.g., an |. The contractor must pay | |option is exercised) on or | all covered workers at | |after January 30, 2022: | least $17.20 per hour (or | | | the applicable wage rate | | | listed on this wage | | | determination, if it is | | | higher) for all hours | | | spent performing on the | | | contract in 2024. |
Open retained original · PDF page 25
Original RFQ · PDF page 28
Note: Executive Order (EO) 13706, Establishing Paid Sick Leave for Federal Contractors applies to all contracts subject to the Davis-Bacon Act for which the contract is awarded (and any solicitation was issued) on or after January 1, 2017. If this contract is covered by the EO, the contractor must provide employees with 1 hour of paid sick leave for every 30 hours they work, up to 56 hours of paid sick leave each year.
Open retained original · PDF page 28

Next review action · Recorded in v23

Reviewer: determine the controlling editions and conditional applicability; reconcile retained drawings/product selections with the amended scope; identify and obtain only the missing applicable technical references. Do not ask the contractor to establish legal applicability or treat the reviewer’s unfinished work as noncompliance.

Recorded source question · v23Applicable technical references not obtained

Recorded unresolved source

External AWI/manufacturer technical standards

Referenced external technical requirements not independently obtained; proposed compliance cannot be assumed.

Read the recorded reviewer basis

These remain material to technical acceptability, lawful performance and price. Construction wages are expressly included, while service-labor duties depend on their applicability conditions. Historical executive-order/leave coverage, any secondary-site/classification issue and exact SAM/payment edition remain unresolved. The retained SAM texts agree on registration before award, not an invented at-quote gate. Exact applicable AWI/manufacturer references are missing; named products and a promise of compliance do not complete the technical comparison.

Retained basis · Exact cited passages

These passages record references and conditions. They do not resolve the recorded source question.

Amendment 1 · PDF page 3
The new cabinet shall be Architectural Woodwork Institute (AWI) custom grade, including dovetail joinery and soft close hinges and door slides.
Open retained original · PDF page 3
Original RFQ · PDF page 6
Product Data (samples and cutsheets), shop drawings Submitted before materials are ordered and meets Section 2 requirements.
Open retained original · PDF page 6

Next review action · Recorded in v23

Reviewer: determine the controlling editions and conditional applicability; reconcile retained drawings/product selections with the amended scope; identify and obtain only the missing applicable technical references. Do not ask the contractor to establish legal applicability or treat the reviewer’s unfinished work as noncompliance.

The packet contains exact retained originals. Their inclusion is not a claim that every page or external reference has been assessed. The 2021/2023 handbook snapshots are references; their presence does not settle the controlling edition.

Version 23 is an agent-assisted controlled demonstration, not a live customer result, award claim or professional approval. A PROCEED recommendation concerns the named next stage, not award success.

The original v23 packet and its manifest are unchanged. This guide and selected historical fields are an accompanying explanation, outside that original manifest. Cost references inside the recorded reasons are historical demonstration inputs, not current rates.

Earlier Forest Service review · September 2026
Sample review / September 5, 2026 snapshot

A promising fit.
A qualification still unresolved.

A historical, sanitized first-run review—not a current opportunity assessment or a paid customer success story.

PURSUITBASIS / BID READINESS BRIEFSANITIZED SAMPLE
OPPORTUNITYForest Wide Well Decom
AGENCYUSDA Forest Service
SOLICITATION127EAX26Q0091 [1]
CONTRACTORSmall federal contractor — identity withheld
NAICS237110 [1]
SET-ASIDETotal Small Business [1]
REVIEW REQUIRED

Resolve the specialty personnel qualification before further commitment.

The first run found preliminary positive fit, with mandatory qualifications still unresolved. A missing public record did not justify a failed qualification or an affirmative bid recommendation.

2PASS
7UNKNOWN
0FAIL

Evidence-limited passes. G1 (small business under NAICS 237110) and G2 (SAM registration) passed on an indexed public profile dated April 24, 2026. Its live page returned 404 during the run. These are not fresh registration checks. G3–G9 remain UNKNOWN; the packet returns REVIEW REQUIRED. [2]

The nine hard gates

States reproduced from the first-run packet. The two passes reflect the dated profile evidence described above. [2]

Hard-gate record · September 5, 2026
GateRequirementState
G1Small-business status under NAICS 237110PASS
G2SAM registrationPASS
G3Driller qualificationUNKNOWN
G4Well methods and accessUNKNOWN
G5Septic closureUNKNOWN
G6Personnel, equipment and scheduleUNKNOWN
G7Guarantees and bondsUNKNOWN
G8Responsive quoteUNKNOWN
G9Representations and complianceUNKNOWN

Why it might fit

The first run assessed the contractor’s soft fit as POSITIVE / preliminary. Adjacent civil/utility capabilities and regional geography supported plausible alignment; specialist qualification, committed capacity and project economics remained unresolved. [3]

The critical unknown

Requirement
Arizona driller license and documented minimum five years of well installation and abandonment experience.
Cited solicitation source
Statement of work · original page 12, §3.0 A.c. Original page 6, §1.8 places qualification submittals upon award and before construction; this is not a pre-bid submission claim.
Contractor evidence available
The historical review found general construction credentials, but no named driller, qualifying license, or five-year record. Identifying contractor evidence is withheld. [4]
Finding
UNKNOWN — the evidence did not establish the qualification. Missing evidence is not automatically FAIL.
Consequence
This material requirement remains unresolved, preventing a confident overall recommendation. The recorded disposition is REVIEW REQUIRED.
Next action
Confirm the proposed driller’s license, experience, availability, and commitment. Reassess the other unknowns before deciding to pursue. [6]

Solicitation risk

The captured SAM record and solicitation PDF page 14 report September 23, 2026, 1:00 p.m. CDT. SF1442 page 1, block 13a reports September 24, 2026, 1:00 p.m. local time, without an explicit time zone. The packet uses the earlier time as a conservative planning cutoff and calls for written clarification. Neither is presented here as a verified current deadline. [5]

Questions to resolve first

  1. Who is the proposed well driller, and what establishes the required Arizona qualification?
  2. What records establish the minimum five years of relevant installation / abandonment experience?
  3. Is that person committed and available for this pursuit?
  4. Which deadline governs, as confirmed through the authoritative procurement record or contracting officer?

Next recommended action

Confirm the named driller’s qualification, experience, and commitment, and resolve the deadline conflict. Reassess the remaining unknown gates before an affirmative pursuit recommendation. Request this specialty evidence before investing in a full quote. Resolving the highlighted issue alone does not clear all seven unknowns. [6]

Trace the findings

The specialty qualification below was checked against the original June 18, 2026 U.S. Forest Service statement of work. Other findings retain the September 5 review’s recorded source references and limitations.

  1. Identity, NAICS and set-aside: packet opening, G1 and Important requirements; E1–E2, E12 and E42. E2 points to solicitation PDF pages 1 and 4 (127EAX26Q0091); E12/E42 to page 4, Statement of Requirement. U.S. Forest Service attribution is confirmed on the original statement-of-work cover.
  2. Decision and counts: packet Decision and Hard eligibility results G1–G9. G1 cites E12–E13; G2 cites E14–E15. Profile links and identifying details are withheld. The nine results are: small-business status PASS; SAM registration PASS; driller qualification, well methods/access, septic closure, personnel/equipment/schedule, guarantees/bonds, responsive quote, and representations/compliance all UNKNOWN.
  3. Preliminary soft fit: packet Fit rationale, E37–E39. Statement of work PDF pages 4–12; solicitation PDF pages 15–18; reviewed contractor capabilities and geography, with identity withheld.
  4. Specialty personnel: packet G3, E16–E18. Statement of work page 6 §1.8 requires well-driller qualification submittals upon award and before construction. Page 12 §3.0 A.c requires an Arizona driller license and at least five years of installation and abandonment experience. These passages were checked against the original PDF on September 8, 2026. This is a performance qualification to resolve during pursuit, not a claim that §1.8 requires pre-bid submission. Missing contractor proof remains the historical review’s assessment. Linked excerpt contains the cover and original pages 6 and 12.
  5. Conflicting deadlines: packet Due date and Deadlines, E1, E3–E4. SAM capture: September 5, 2026, 03:21:04.522 UTC. Solicitation PDF page 14, Proposal Due Date, and page 1, SF1442 block 13a.
  6. Next action: packet Next recommended action, E102, E70, E25. Statement of work PDF pages 6 and 12; solicitation PDF pages 15–16; reviewed contractor evidence withheld. The recommendation is decision-support analysis.
Provenance and limits. Counts and contractor assessments reproduce the supplied September 5 review. The original statement of work was recovered and its cover and pages 6 and 12 checked; its file hash matched the recorded source. The separate solicitation PDF and historical contractor evidence were not independently rechecked in this update. Their locators and deadline conflict remain historical review findings. This historical illustration is not a current opportunity assessment. Contractor identity, identifying links, internal paths and hashes are omitted. No client relationship, award or measured savings is implied.